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Proyección y límites de la neuroteología en el pensamiento de Aldous Huxley

2013-04-24T01:03:54Z

Title: Proyección y límites de la neuroteología en el pensamiento de Aldous Huxley Author(s) : Echarte-Alonso, L.E. (Luis Enrique) Abstract: En este artículo perfilo el área de la “neuroteología”, estableciendo sus límites metodológicos, proponiendo una clasificación temática y analizando su proyección actual. Para ello, y utilizando el esquema inicial dado por Aldous Huxley, identifico tres grupos de objetivos posibles, los orientados al “operacionismo práctico”, al “operacionismo trascendental” y al “operacionismo místico”. Brindo además ejemplos de investigaciones en curso en cada uno de ellos así como los nuevos debates que de éstas emergen. En definitiva, destaco el renovado interés de la ciencia experimental por lo religioso; ofrezco un mejor marco desde donde poder reflexionar sobre el lugar y el peso de tales estudios en neuroética, y examino los obstáculos específicos que acompañan a este tipo de proyectos interdisciplinares.

Networking and interaction between a Mutual Assistance Association and other agencies (Pamplona, 1902–1919)

2013-04-17T09:31:29Z

Title: Networking and interaction between a Mutual Assistance Association and other agencies (Pamplona, 1902–1919) Author(s) : Leon-Sanz, P. (Pilar) Abstract: The article discusses the role of mutual benefit societies in the development of social prevision in Spain with a focus on Pamplona. The 1887 Law on Associations, a 1908 law on private insurance, the social networks that promoted labor and assistance associations, and the dynamics of these associations are discussed. The article focuses on the interaction of the Workers' Mutual Benefit Society La Conciliación with other assistance or mutual aid organizations during the years of 1902 and 1919.

El Congreso médico-regional de Navarra (1886) un ejemplo de la transmisión del conocimiento científico

2013-04-17T09:33:16Z

Title: El Congreso médico-regional de Navarra (1886) un ejemplo de la transmisión del conocimiento científico Author(s) : Leon-Sanz, P. (Pilar) Abstract: La última ola epidémica del cólera en Navarra (1884-1885) es la menos estudiada porque apenas afectó a Pamplona, el núcleo urbano más importante de la región, pero creó una situación crítica en otras áreas como la Ribera. Fundamento. El "Congreso médico-regional de Navarra" celebrado en Tafalla (Navarra), en 1886, se convocó para estudiar la epidemia de cólera de 1885 en la región. El interés de esta reunión científica estriba en la actitud de los médicos ante el desarrollo de la microbiología y la higiene pública. En un momento en que Robert Koch aisla el Bacillus vírgula, en 1883, y tiene lugar la polémica desarrollada por la difusión de la vacuna de Jaime Ferrán y Clúa, en 1885. Material y métodos. A través de las actas y de las memorias presentadas al Congreso analizamos la influencia de autores e instituciones internacionales en los profesionales navarros. Conclusiones. La reunión científico médica de Tafalla fue una iniciativa singular para Navarra. En ella se observa la transferencia de ideas de los congresos internacionales sobre la epidemia colérica. Esta influencia fue mediada por personalidades como Nicasio Landa y A. Espina y Capo. Hemos observado diferencias en las concepciones de los médicos, en el momento en el que no existía una teoría etiopatogénica única. La metodología seguida por los médicos ejemplifica el análisis y las medidas higiénico sanitarias propuestas para combatir el cólera.

Low-fat dairy consumption and reduced risk of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort

2013-04-16T01:02:22Z

Title: Low-fat dairy consumption and reduced risk of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort Author(s) : Alonso, A. (Alvaro); Beunza, J.J. (Juan José); Delgado-Rodriguez, M. (Miguel); Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Angel) Abstract: BACKGROUND: Some observational studies have shown a beneficial effect of dairy consumption on blood pressure, especially in overweight and relatively young (<40 y) persons. However, no results from prospective studies conducted in a free-living population exist that show this association in middle-aged adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess whether total, low-fat, and whole-fat dairy consumption was associated prospectively with the risk of hypertension. DESIGN: This was a prospective study conducted in 5880 university graduates in Spain, aged >20 y in 2000 (mean age: 37 y), free of hypertension and cardiovascular disease at baseline, and followed-up with mailed questionnaires for a median of 27 mo. Dairy consumption was assessed with a previously validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred eighty new cases of hypertension were identified. The hazard ratio of hypertension between extreme quintiles of low-fat dairy product consumption was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.84; P for trend = 0.02) after adjustment for the main known risk factors for hypertension and several dietary factors. No significant association between whole-fat dairy products or total calcium intake and incident hypertension was seen. CONCLUSION: In this Mediterranean cohort, low-fat dairy consumption, but not whole-fat dairy consumption, was associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension.

Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Study 1

2013-04-16T01:02:03Z

Title: Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Study 1 Author(s) : Bes-Rastrollo, M. (Maira); Sanchez-Villegas, A. (Almudena); Gomez-Gracia, E. (Enrique); Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Pajares, R.M. (Raquel M.); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Angel) Abstract: BACKGROUND: High consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks has been associated with weight gain and obesity in the United States. This trend may also be affecting populations with different eating patterns who increasingly are adopting typical US dietary patterns. OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether the consumption of sweetened drinks and other food items increased the likelihood of weight gain in a Mediterranean population. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort analysis of 7194 men and women with a mean age of 41 y who were followed-up for a median of 28.5 mo with mailed questionnaires. Dietary exposure was assessed with a previously validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: During follow-up, we observed that 49.5% of the participants increased their weight (x weight gain: 0.64 kg; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.73 kg). In the participants who had gained > or =3 kg in the 5 y before baseline, the adjusted odds ratio of subsequent weight gain for the fifth quintile compared with the first quintile of sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.1; P for trend = 0.02). This association was absent in the participants who had not gained weight in the 5-y period before baseline. The consumption of hamburgers, pizza, and sausages (as a proxy for fast-food consumption) was also independently associated with weight gain (adjusted odds ratio for the fifth compared with the first quintile = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4; P for trend = 0.05). We also found a significant, but weaker, association between weight gain and both red meat and sweetened fruit juice consumption. CONCLUSION: In a Mediterranean cohort, particularly in the participants who had already gained weight, an increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and of hamburgers, pizza, and sausages was associated with a higher risk of additional subsequent weight gain.

Psicofarmacología terapéutica y cosmética. Riesgos y límites

2013-04-15T07:06:11Z

Title: Psicofarmacología terapéutica y cosmética. Riesgos y límites Author(s) : Echarte-Alonso, L.E. (Luis Enrique) Abstract: In this paper, I analyze risks and limits of the current psychopharmacology and how both are promoting a new social interpretation of health concept. Besides, I show how such interpretation can be detected in four issues related to safety, equality, psychiatrization of human condition, and autonomy. In the conclusions, I defend, ﬁrst, the obligation of physician to inform patients about the important long-term uncertainties around psychopharmacology. Second, I justify the necessity of promote more prolonged monitoring of patients treated with such kind of drugs. Third, I insist in the relevance of increasing research about drugs’ adverse effects extended over a long time. And forth, I bring up the utility of health concept to avoid the subjective stigmatization of cognitive or affective traits, to prevent potential problems of inequality and coercion, and to keep from mental disorders caused by attempts of getting psychical states supposedly optimized.

Cómo pensar sobre el cerebro. Hacia una definición de Neuroética

2013-04-16T01:02:16Z

Title: Cómo pensar sobre el cerebro. Hacia una definición de Neuroética Author(s) : Echarte-Alonso, L.E. (Luis Enrique) Abstract: Las investigaciones en Neuroética adolecen de dos grandes frenos, uno metodológico y otro histórico. Ambos están relacionados con la manera en que pensamos el cerebro y, a través de él, lo humano. En este artículo presento varias claves que ayudan a despejar algunos errores categoriales y a articular los problemas de los que se ocupa esta disciplina.

Limiti e Classificazione del Nuovo Campo della Neuroetica: Identitá, Responsabilitá, Informazione e Manipolazione del Cervello

2013-04-16T01:02:29Z

Title: Limiti e Classificazione del Nuovo Campo della Neuroetica: Identitá, Responsabilitá, Informazione e Manipolazione del Cervello Author(s) : Echarte-Alonso, L.E. (Luis Enrique) Abstract: Le recenti scoperte delle neuroscienze offrono attualmente una migliore prospettiva per la comprensione del rapporto mente-cervello. Ciononostante, si presentano nuovi problemi relativi all'etica dell'informazione e della manipolazione mentale. L'articolo classifica le nuove dimensioni antropologiche ed etiche di tali ricerche in due categorie: neuroetica dell'identitá e neuroetica della responsabilitá. In secondo luogo, prende in esame quale tipo di controllo sarebbe necessario nelle applicazioni di tali scoperte sugli esseri umani.

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet

2013-04-07T01:02:18Z

Title: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet Author(s) : Estruch, R. (R.); Ros, E. (Emilio); Salas-Salvado, J. (Jordi); Covas, M.I. (María Isabel); Corella, D. (Dolores); Aros, F. (F.); Gómez-Gracia, E. (Enrique); Ruiz-Gutierrez, V. (Valentina); Fiol, M. (M.); Lapetra, J. (José); Lamuela-Raventos, R. (Rosa María); Serra-Majem, L. (Lluis); Pinto, X. (Xavier); Basora, J. (Josep); Muñoz, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Sorli, J.V. (José V.); Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Angel) Abstract: BACKGROUND: Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a randomized trial of this diet pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. METHODS: In a multicenter trial in Spain, we randomly assigned participants who were at high cardiovascular risk, but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment, to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat). Participants received quarterly individual and group educational sessions and, depending on group assignment, free provision of extra-virgin olive oil, mixed nuts, or small nonfood gifts. The primary end point was the rate of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes). On the basis of the results of an interim analysis, the trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 4.8 years. RESULTS: A total of 7447 persons were enrolled (age range, 55 to 80 years); 57% were women. The two Mediterranean-diet groups had good adherence to the intervention, according to self-reported intake and biomarker analyses. A primary end-point event occurred in 288 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil (96 events) and the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts (83 events), respectively, versus the control group (109 events). No diet-related adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events.

Design and evaluation of a treatment programme for Spanish adolescents with overweight and obesity. The EVASYON Study

2013-03-29T01:57:15Z

Title: Design and evaluation of a treatment programme for Spanish adolescents with overweight and obesity. The EVASYON Study Author(s) : Martinez-Gomez, D. (David); Gomez-Martinez, S. (Sonia); Puertollano, M.A. (M. Ángeles); Nova, E. (Esther); Wärnberg, J. (Julia); Veiga, O.L. (Oscar L.); Marti, A. (Amelia); Campoy, C. (Cristina); Garagorri, J.M. (Jesús M.); Azcona, C. (Cristina); Vaquero, M.P. (M. Pilar); Redondo-Figuero, C. (Carlos); Delgado, M. (Manuel); Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Garcia-Fuentes, M. (Miguel); Moreno, L.A. (Luis A.); Marcos, A. (Ascensión); EVASYON Study Group Abstract: Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity (OW/OB) among adolescents worldwide has increased since the 60 s. Spain has reached one of the highest OW/OB prevalence rates among adolescents from European countries. The aim of this methodological paper is to describe the design and evaluation in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for adolescents with OW/OB: integral education on nutrition and physical activity). Methods/Design The EVASYON was planned by a multidisciplinary team to treat OW/OB in Spanish adolescents. The EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 hospitals in 5 Spanish cities (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza) and two hundred and four OW/OB Spanish adolescents were recruited for this intervention. The treatment was implemented for approximately one-year follow-up. The adolescents were treated in groups of a maximum of 10 subjects; each group had 20 visits during the treatment period in two phases: intensive during the first 2 months (1st to 9th visits), and extensive during the last 11 months (10th to 20th visits). In order to assess the efficacy of the treatment, 8 dimensions were measured: diet; physical activity and fitness; eating behaviour; body composition; haematological profile; metabolic profile; minerals and vitamins; immuno-inflammatory markers. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms were also determined. Discussion The treatment programme developed in the EVASYON study was designed as a national pilot study to be implemented as an effective treatment for adolescents with OW/OB into the Spanish Health Care Service.

Conjunctival vaccination against Brucella ovis in mice with mannosylated nanoparticles

2013-03-08T18:07:01Z

Title: Conjunctival vaccination against Brucella ovis in mice with mannosylated nanoparticles Author(s) : Costa-Martins, R. (Raquel) da; Gamazo, C. (Carlos); Sanchez-Martinez, M. (María); Barberan, M. (Montserrat); Peñuelas, I. (Iván); Irache, J.M. (Juan Manuel) Abstract: The use of sub-unit vaccines can solve some drawbacks associated with traditional attenuated or inactivated ones. However, in order to improve their immunogenicity, these vaccines needs to be associated to an appropriate adjuvant which, adequately selected, may also offer an alternative pathway for administration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the protection offered by the hot saline complex extracted from Brucella ovis (HS) encapsulated in mannosylated nanoparticles (MAN-NP-HS) when instilled conjunctivally in mice. Nanoparticles displayed a size of 300 nm and the antigen loading was close to 30 μg per mg nanoparticle. Importantly, encapsulated HS maintained its protein profile, structural integrity and antigenicity during and after the preparative process of nanoparticles. The ocular immunization was performed on BALB/c mice. Eight weeks after vaccination animals were challenged with B. ovis, and 3 weeks later, were slaughtered for bacteriological examinations. Animals immunized with MAN-NP-HS displayed a 3-log reduction in spleen CFU compared with unvaccinated animals. This degree of protection was significantly higher than that observed for the commercial vaccine (Rev1) subcutaneously administered. Interestingly, the mucosal IgA response induced by MAN-NP-HS was found to be much more intense than that offered by Rev1 and prolonged in time. Furthermore, the elicited IL-2, IL-4 and γ-IFN levels showed good correlation with the degree of protection. On the other hand, biodistribution studies in animals were performed with nanoparticles labelled with either 99mtechnetium or rhodamine B isothiocyanate. The biodistribution revealed that, after instillation, MAN-NP-HS moved from the palpebral area to the nasal region and, the gastrointestinal tract. This profile of distribution was different to that observed for free 99mTcO4− colloids, which remained for at least 24 h in the site of administration. In summary, mannosylated nanoparticles appear to be a safe and suitable adjuvant for conjunctival vaccination.

Long term evaluation of high tibial valgus osteotomy

2013-03-03T01:12:04Z

Title: Long term evaluation of high tibial valgus osteotomy Author(s) : Valenti, J.R. (José Ramón); Calvo, R. (R.); Lopez, R. (R.); Cañadell, J.M. (J. M.) Abstract: We present a long term evaluation of 100 high valgus tibial osteotomies with a mean follow up of 11 years. Knees with slight or moderate osteoarthritis had the best results. Slight overcorrection was beneficial, but gross overcorrection was not. There were few complications and the overall long term results were goo

Bone lengthening by physial distraction. An experimental study.

2013-03-03T01:10:36Z

Title: Bone lengthening by physial distraction. An experimental study. Author(s) : Pablos, J. (Julio) de; Villas, C. (Carlos); Cañadell, J.M. (J. M.) Abstract: Experimental physial distraction was carried out in the distal part of the femur in 45 two-month old lambs in order to study the basic mechanisms of lengthening as well as the viability of the growth cartilage after using this method. The animals were divided into three groups (A, B and C), and each group into three subgroups (1, 2 and 3) according to the rate of distraction used (2 mm/day, 1 mm/day, 0.5 mm/day) and the time of sacrifice. The results obtained show that the basic lengthening mechanisms consists, firstly, in the production of a fracture between the metaphysis and the epiphysis and, secondly, that the lower the distraction speed employed, the greater is the short-term and long-term viability of the growth cartilage. Optimum viability was observed at a distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day. On this basis we conclude that in clinical practice physical distraction could be indicated for children at an early stage of skeletal growth and repeated later provided that the rate of distraction is kept within reasonable limits.

The place of intertrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur

2013-03-03T01:10:04Z

Title: The place of intertrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur Author(s) : Cañadell, J.M. (J. M.); Aguilella, R. (R.); Azcarate, J. (J.); Valenti, J.R. (José Ramón) Abstract: The authors present their experience of the use of intertrochanteric osteotomy for the treatment of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur. The results obtained from 102 osteotomies performed on 81 patients with the disease are analysed. The mean follow-up is 4.2 years. The results show a statistically significant clinical improvement after operation. Patients presenting with Ficat and Arlet Stage II involvement fared much better than those with more severe changes. Better results were also seen in those with a necrosis angle of less than 200 degrees. No radiological improvement was seen although a high percentage showed no deterioration. The choice of treatment for the condition is discussed in the light of these results.

Breaking bony bridges by physeal distraction

2013-03-03T01:39:59Z

Title: Breaking bony bridges by physeal distraction Author(s) : Cañadell, J.M. (J. M.); Pablos, J. (Julio) de Abstract: Physeal distraction for breaking bony bridges and the late treatment of long bone deformities in children near maturity, has been used in our Department since June, 1983. In all cases (4 bones in 3 patients) a deformity was present at the extremity of a long bone due to a bony bridge caused by a previous injury to the growth cartilage. The results were excellent and in our opinion there are advantages over other methods. The operation itself is not extensive and very little damage is done. There is no need for internal fixation or bone grafts. It is possible to obtain lengthening and to adjust the angular correction during treatment. We conclude that it is possible to correct angular deformities and bone shortening due to bony bridges by physeal distraction without the need for resection of the bony bridge. At present we recommend this method in children near skeletal maturity, especially in those cases with bone shortening.